https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-019-01771-x
Fang Liu, Shuliang Liu, John Talpos, Tucker A. Patterson, Charles Fogle, Joseph P. Hanig, William Slikker Jr, Cheng Wang;
Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/FDA, Jefferson, AR, United States
Desflurane (Experimental Biology & Medicine, 2025): Using fetal monkey neural stem cell models, desflurane (5.7%) did not affect NSC viability/proliferation at 3 h or 24 h, but 24 h exposure injured differentiated neural cells—elevating LDH and cytokines (e.g., G‑CSF, IL‑12, IL‑9, IL‑10, TNF‑α) and reducing PSA‑NCAM–positive neurons—indicating time‑ and differentiation‑dependent neurotoxicity concentrated in developing neurons.
